Compare and contrast extrusive and intrusive igneous rocks. Rhyolite is rarely found as lava. In intrusive type of rock, the magma solidifies in the deep interior of the earth. Fire Opal is sometimes found filling cavities in rhyolite. The presence of sodium-rich feldspar, oligoclase or andesine, in contrast to calcium-rich plagioclase, labradorite or bytownite, is the main distinction between diorite and gabbro . Although diorite is rough-textured in nature, its ability to take a polish can be seen in the diorite steps of St. Paul's Cathedral, London, where centuries of foot traffic have polished the steps to a sheen. d. gabbro and basalt. It is usually composed mainly of volcanic ash and sometimes contains larger size particles such as cinders. 2 marks Cooled slowly because magma or lava are formed cooled slowly and the mineral has time to grow and form large crystals. Long after the rhyolite has cooled, silica-rich ground water moves through the rock, sometimes depositing gems like opal, red beryl, topaz, jasper, or agate in the cavities of the rock. Extrusive Igneous Rocks. Some cool so quickly that they form an amorphous glass. The use of diorite in art was most important among very early Middle Eastern civilizations such as Ancient Egypt, Babylonia, Assyria, and Sumer. magma. Diorites may be associated with either granite or gabbro intrusions, into which they may subtly merge. Magma flows onto the earth’s surface by an eruption by a volcano. Examples include basalt, rhyolite, andesite, and obsidian. Intrusive igneous rocks crystallize below Earth's surface, and the slow cooling that occurs there allows large crystals to form. Diorite: Diorite has the same texture as granite but has the mineral composition of an andesite, which is diorite’s extrusive equivalent. Explain. 3. lava. Naqada II jar with lug handles; c. 3500–3050 BC; height: 13 cm; Los Angeles County Museum of Art (US), Statue of Gudea I, dedicated to the god Ningishzida; 2120 BC (the Neo-Sumerian period); height: 46 cm, width: 33 cm, depth: 22.5 cm; Louvre, Weight dedicated by King Shulgi with a crescent moon on it; 2094-2047 BC; weight: 248 g; Louvre, Assyrian head of a bearded god wearing a cap with horns dedicated by Puzur-Eshtar of Mari; middle Bronze Age; height: 37 cm; Vorderasiatisches Museum Berlin (Berlin, Germany), Head of a cow goddess (Hathor or Mehetweret); 1390-1352 BC; height: 53.6 cm, width: 28 cm, depth: 33 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York City), Statue of Amun; 1336-1327 BC; height: 220 cm, width: 44, length: 78 cm; Louvre, Block statue of the god's father Pameniuwedja, son of Nesmin and Nestefnut; 4th century BC; height: 34.6 cm, width: 14.5 cm, depth: 19.1 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art, Vase with gilt-bronze ornaments; circa 1780; 61 × 40.6 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art, For the community in the United States, see, For the nuclear research reactor in Switzerland, see, Muller, J.E. The following links show 3D examples of intrusive igneous rocks. Scoria is a dark-colored, vesicular, extrusive igneous rock. Most extrusive (volcanic) rocks have small crystals. Extrusive igneous rocks form when lava cools and hardens at the surface. Peridotite is a coarse-grained intrusive igneous rock that is composed almost entirely of olivine. It often contains rare minerals that are not found in other parts of the magma chamber. Diorite intrusice rock Diorite is coarse – grained intrusive igneous rock that commonly mineralogy is plagioclase feldspar and dark colored minerals such as hornblende and biotite.It usually occurs dikes, sills and intrusions with continental crust. Rocks formed from . In the QAPF chart, the endpoints refer to common rock-forming minerals: Q=quartz, A=alkali (K, Na, Al) feldspar, P=plagioclase (Na-Ca feldspar) F=feldspathoid (minerals similar to feldspar, but with low silicon content). The specimen shown above is about two inches (five centimeters) across. Basalt is an extrusive or intrusive rock that makes up most of the world's oceanic crust. 1) Intrusive rocks or Plutonic rocks When magma never reaches the surface and cools to form intrusions (dykes, sills etc) the resulting rocks are called plutonic. In later times, diorite was commonly used as cobblestone; today many diorite cobblestone streets can be found in England, Guernsey and Scotland, and scattered throughout the world in such places as Ecuador and China. The specimen shown above is about two inches (five centimeters) across. Andesite can be considered as the extrusive equivalent of plutonic diorite. Gabbro is a coarse-grained, dark-colored, intrusive igneous rock that contains feldspar, pyroxene, and sometimes olivine. Cooling Rate: fast, extrusive; Intrusive Equivalent: diorite; Other Characteristics: found as both lava and pyroclastic tuff; RHYOLITE. Andesite can be considered as the extrusive equivalent of plutonic diorite. The specimen shown above is about two inches (five centimeters) across. This is one of many excellent geological photographs generously shared through a Creative Commons License by Didier Descouens. Orbicular diorite shows alternating concentric growth bands of plagioclase and amphibole surrounding a nucleus, within a diorite porphyry matrix. Intrusive rocks are sub-divided into plutonic and hypabyssal. Intrusive igneous rocks crystallize below Earth's surface, and the slow cooling that occurs there allows large crystals to form. Specimen from the Hermitage Peninsula, southern Newfoundland. Most extrusive (volcanic) rocks have small crystals. Tuckuhnikivatz in the La Sal Mountains, Grand and San Juan Counties. Extrusive rock types cliffsnotes study guides intrusive and extrusive rock classification basalt andesite and rhyolite basalt usually the first lava to form contains a high percentage of ferromagnesian minerals and about 25 to 50 percent silica making it dark green gray or black diorite and andesite are intrusive and extrusive rocks. The chemical composition of diorite is intermediate between gabbro and granite. Because they cool slowly, intrusive igneous rocks have large, sometimes interlocking, crystals that you can see. Which of the following is an intrusive igneous rock and so will have large crystals? Gabbro is a coarse-grained and usually dark-colored igneous rock.It is an intrusive rock. Diorite is a coarse-grained, intrusive igneous rock that contains a mixture of feldspar, pyroxene, hornblende, and sometimes quartz. There are five types of intrusive rocks, which are granite, pegmatite, gabbro, diorite and peridotite. Although one can find diorite art from later periods, it became more popular as a structural stone and was frequently used as pavement due to its durability. The specimen shown above is about two inches (five centimeters) across. Igneous rocks are formed from the solidification of molten rock material. Explain. Extrusive igneous rocks are formed by lava that cools at the Earth’s surface. The Geology.com store offers inexpensive rock collections that can be mailed anywhere in the United States or U.S. Name: Peridotite Texture: The high silica content and lower temperatures of rhyolite magma result in high viscosities and violent eruptive styles. Examples of intrusive igneous rocks are diorite, gabbro, granite, pegmatite, and peridotite. Dacite is a fine-grained, extrusive igneous rock that is usually light in color. These rocks include: andesite, basalt, dacite, obsidian, pumice, rhyolite, scoria, and tuff. When olivine and more iron-rich augite are present, the rock grades into ferrodiorite, which is transitional to gabbro. The specimen shown is about four inches (ten centimeters) across. The specimen shown above is about two inches (five centimeters) across. Basalt is a mafic extrusive igneous rock formed from the rapid cooling of lava rich in magnesium and iron exposed at or very near the surface of a terrestrial planet or a moon. Examples include granite, gabbro, diorite and dunite. b. andesite. Diorite may contain small amounts of quartz, microcline, and olivine. The specimen shown above is about two inches (five centimeters) across. The best way to learn about rocks is to have a collection of specimens to examine while you study. that crystallizes at the surface. Intrusive, or plutonic, igneous rocks form when magma cools slowly below the Earth's surface. Granite is the most common type of land based intrusive rock, while gabbro is the type found most often underwater. Rocks formed from . It was especially popular with medieval Islamic builders. Andesite - Wikipedia The archaic term epidiorite is sometimes used, especially in Europe, to refer to a metamorphosed ortho-amphibolite with a protolith of diorite, gabbro or other mafic intrusive rock. Phaneritic texture-- granite: This is a plutonic (or intrusive) igneous rock. Zircon, apatite, titanite, magnetite, ilmenite, and sulfides occur as accessory minerals. Diabase is an intrusive igneous rock composed mostly of plagioclase feldspar and pyroxene minerals. Cooling Rate: fast, extrusive; Intrusive Equivalent: diorite; Other Characteristics: found as both lava and pyroclastic tuff; RHYOLITE. Rhyolite is an extrusive felsic (silicic) volcanic rock. This sample also contains pieces of other rock (clasts) that were torn up and mixed with the hot scoria as it flowed from the volcano. A pluton is an igneous intrusive rock body that has cooled in the crust. (1980). Extrusive The vesicles are a result of trapped gas within the melt at the time of solidification. Mellenthin, and Mt. that crystallizes at the surface. The lava cools quickly as it pours out onto the surface (Figure below).Extrusive igneous rocks cool much more rapidly than intrusive rocks.The rapid cooling time does not allow time for large crystals to form. Extrusive igneous rocks are typically finer grained than intrusive igneous rocks. Diorite is coarse – grained intrusive igneous rock that commonly mineralogy is plagioclase feldspar and dark colored minerals such as hornblende and biotite.It usually occurs dikes, sills and intrusions with continental crust .Diorite is usually grey to dark-grey in colour, but it can also be black or bluish-grey, and frequently has a greenish cast. Examples of intrusive igneous rocks are: diabase, diorite, gabbro, granite, pegmatite, and peridotite. Q. Intrusive igneous rocks cool slowly because they form underground. The chemical composition of diorite is intermediate, between that of mafic gabbro and felsic granite. This crushed stone can be used as road base material, or as an aggregate in concrete or asphalt. "Trap Rock" is a layman's term for any dark-colored igneous rock that is used to make crushed stone. It was so valued in early times that the first great Mesopotamian empire—the Empire of Sargon of Akkad—listed the taking of diorite as a purpose of military expeditions. Pictures and brief descriptions of some common igneous rock types are shown on this page. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. Examples include granite, gabbro, diorite and dunite. Basalt (Extrusive) 6 years ago. Once you have determined the mineral assemblage of a rock, you can use the appropriate (intrusive or extrusive) QAPF chart to name it (fig. Formation Of Hypabyssal Rocks Rocks formed from . The specimen above is about two inches (five centimeters) across. Because erosion can gradually remove tens of thousands of feet of rocks overlying intrusive formations, both extrusive and intrusive rocks can be observed on the Earth's surface, sometimes in close proximity. c. gabbro and rhyolite. Diorite formed deep within the Earth’s crust from cooling magma that never made it to the surface. Kimberlite. Intrusive igneous rocks form when magma cools and solidifies within Earth. By quantity, these are the by far most common rock types. Granite is the most common type of land based intrusive rock, while gabbro is the type found most often underwater. Tomasaki, Mt. Intrusive rocks form plutons and so are also called plutonic. Intrusive and Extrusive Igneous Rocks. The specimen shown above is about two inches (five centimeters) across. Intrusive igneous rocks generally cool very slowly deep below the earth’s surface or as the magma is rising to the earth’s surface. Extrusive igneous rocks erupt onto the surface, where they cool quickly to form small crystals. Igneous rocks are called intrusive when they cool and solidify beneath the surface. The chemical composition of diorite is intermediate, between that of mafic gabbro and felsic granite. Diorite is a coarse-crystalline intermediate intrusive igneous rock. Andesite. Before discussing further differences between both rocks, let us see what is a rock and what are intrusive rocks and extrusive rocks. A rock such as an andesite may have large crystals set within a matrix of tiny crystals. This specimen erupted from Kilauea volcano in 1960. Click on the models to view them in 3D and click on the numbered hotlinks … Basalt Igneous rock Composition Mafic: plagioclase, amphibole, and pyroxene, sometimes feldspathoids, or olivine. 4a, b). Which of the following pairs of intrusive and extrusive rocks have the same chemical composition? This cooling can occur as deep as 50 miles under the surface or as Magma is expelled from the Earth as Lava and solidifies in the air or sea. It has a composition that is intermediate between rhyolite and andesite. Extrusive rock types cliffsnotes study guides intrusive and extrusive rock classification basalt andesite and rhyolite basalt usually the first lava to form contains a high percentage of ferromagnesian minerals and about 25 to 50 percent silica making it dark green gray or black diorite and andesite are intrusive and extrusive rocks. Intrusive vs Extrusive Rocks The key difference between intrusive and extrusive rocks is that the intrusive rocks are formed from magma whereas the extrusive rocks are formed from lava. d. andesite. The presence of significant quartz makes the rock type quartz-diorite (>5% quartz) or tonalite (>20% quartz), and if orthoclase (potassium feldspar) is present at greater than 10 percent, the rock type grades into monzodiorite or granodiorite. Diorite, medium- to coarse-grained intrusive igneous rock that commonly is composed of about two-thirds plagioclase feldspar and one-third dark-coloured minerals, such as hornblende or biotite. Diabase is used in the construction industry as trap rock or dimension stone. Andesite (Extrusive) 6 years ago ... Pictures of Intrusive and Extrusive Igneous Rocks . Diorite (/ ˈ d aɪ. Granite, gabbro, syenite, diorite etc. The extrusive magma cools quickly so the mineral grains do not have time to grow. The molten rock will crystalize and solidify giving the two basic groups of igneous rocks called Intrusive, formed under the earth, and Extrusive, formed above the earth. There are five types of intrusive rocks, which are granite, pegmatite, gabbro, diorite and peridotite. The extrusive magma cools quickly so the mineral grains do not have time to grow. It means that it formed as magma cooled slowly in the crust. Obsidian is a dark-colored volcanic glass that forms from the very rapid cooling of molten rock material. An extrusive igneous rock that forms when lava containing abundant dissolved gas flows from a volcano or is blown out during an eruption. Diorite is an intrusive igneous rock composed principally of the silicate minerals plagioclase feldspar (typically andesine), biotite, hornblende, and/or pyroxene. Extrusive rocks are again sub-divided into explosive and quiet type. Basalt is fine grained so the individual minerals are not visible, but they include pyroxene, plagioclase feldspar, and olivine.These minerals are visible in the coarse-grained, plutonic version of basalt called gabbro. Andesite - Wikipedia The archaic term epidiorite is sometimes used, especially in Europe, to refer to a metamorphosed ortho-amphibolite with a protolith of diorite, gabbro or other mafic intrusive rock. Extrusive Igneous Rocks. Some form on or above Earth's surface. Depending on their silica content, they are called (in ascending order of silica content) gabbro, diorite, granite and pegmatite. The most common types of trap rock are basalt, diabase, gabbro, and peridotite. Although intrusive rocks develop from the same types of magma as extrusive rocks, intrusive rocks look quite a bit different because they cool more slowly and thus have larger crystals. Typical intrusive formations are batholiths, stocks, laccoliths, sills and dikes. Rhyolite is a light-colored, fine-grained, extrusive igneous rock that typically contains quartz and feldspar minerals. Those that cool and form underground are called Intrusive and those that form above ground are called Extrusive. Because they cool slowly, intrusive igneous rocks have large, sometimes interlocking, crystals that you can see. Mostly it looks like dark coloured granite. Extrusive igneous rocks form above the surface. Mineral Photos courtesy of R.Weller/Cochise College. What term describes igneous rocks that form when molten rock solidifies at the surface of the Earth? Obsidian is a dark-colored volcanic glass that forms from the very rapid cooling of … Igneous rocks 1. Extrusive igneous rocks generally cool quickly when they reach the earth’s surface usually through volcanoes or fissure. ə ˌ r aɪ t /) is an intrusive igneous rock composed principally of the silicate minerals plagioclase feldspar (typically andesine), biotite, hornblende, and/or pyroxene. It is distinguished from gabbro on the basis of the composition of the plagioclase species; the plagioclase in diorite is richer in sodium and poorer in calcium. Vulcan – god of fire Intrusive, or Plutonic rocks. 6 Geology Victoria Map 1553A. Pegmatite is a light-colored, extremely coarse-grained intrusive igneous rock. Diorite has a similar composition to granite, but the main difference between diorite and granite is that diorite does not contain quartz unlike granite. [3] Minor amounts of muscovite may also be present. Gabbro is a coarse-grained and usually dark-colored igneous rock.It is an intrusive rock. Dacite (Extrusive) 6 years ago. Extrusive, or Volcanic rocks . Because erosion can gradually remove tens of thousands of feet of rocks overlying intrusive formations, both extrusive and intrusive rocks can be observed on the Earth's surface, sometimes in close proximity. Granite is a coarse-grained, light-colored, intrusive igneous rock that contains mainly quartz, feldspar, and mica minerals. Ottawa: Geological Survey of Canada, CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (, Last edited on 18 November 2020, at 14:05, "Diorites and associated intrusive and metamorphic rocks of the Darran Complex, Mount Underwood, Milford, southwest New Zealand", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diorite&oldid=989350505, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 18 November 2020, at 14:05. Kimberlite, an ultramafic volcanic rock, is quite rare but much sought after because it is … It often forms as a frothy crust on the top of a lava flow or as material ejected from a volcanic vent and solidifying while airborne. The vesicular texture is a result of gas trapped in the melt at the time of solidification. More Details Extrusive igneous rocks erupt onto the surface, where they cool quickly to form small crystals. View Igneous rocks.docx from 460 104 at Rutgers University, Newark. Extrusive, or Volcanic rocks . It forms through very rapid solidification of a melt. Unakite is a colorful rock composed of green epidote and pink orthoclase. It means that it formed as magma cooled slowly in the crust. Diorite is a coarse-grained, intrusive igneous rock that contains a mixture of feldspar, pyroxene, hornblende, and sometimes quartz. Igneous rocks with similar composition are basalt (extrusive equivalent of gabbro) and diabase (the same rock type could be named dolerite or microgabbro instead).. Gabbro with large augite phenocrysts embedded in white plagioclase. Intrusive igneous rocks crystallize below Earth's surface, and the slow cooling that occurs there allows large crystals to form. Extrusive igneous rocks form above the surface. DIORITE Diorite is a coarse-grained intrusive igneous rock.It contains large interlocking, randomly oriented crystals. Diorite and Andesite have pretty much the same chemical composition. Attractive pieces of unakite are often used to make cabochons, tumbled stones, small sculptures, and other lapidary items. The molten rock will crystalize and solidify giving the two basic groups of igneous rocks called Intrusive, formed under the earth, and Extrusive, formed above the earth Mostly it looks like dark coloured granite. Intrusive Igneous Rock Photos . Diorite is usually grey to dark grey in colour, but it can also be black or bluish-grey, and frequently has a greenish cast. When the magma solidifies inside the earth's crust, it cools slowly forming coarse textured rocks, inclusive of granite, gabbro, or diorite. Diorite ( /ˈdaɪ.əˌraɪt/[1][2]) is an intrusive igneous rock composed principally of the silicate minerals plagioclase feldspar (typically andesine), biotite, hornblende, and/or pyroxene. Start studying Intrusive vs Extrusive (ROCKS). More Details It cools so rapidly that crystals do not form. The specimen shown is about two inches (five centimeters) across. Diabase Dykes (intrusive relationships) A dyke is a sheet of intrusive rock that cuts across layering or bedding in the surrounding rocks. It may contain small amounts of amphibole, feldspar, quartz, or pyroxene. Rhyolite is rarely found as lava. In fact, the large mineral crystals of intrusive igneous rocks can be seen without a lens or microscope. Which of the following types of igneous rocks crystallizes deep within Earth's crust? Rhyolite is an extrusive felsic (silicic) volcanic rock. In rapidly cooling magma, the resulting grains and crystals that form the rock are tiny in contrast to the larger grains and crystals found in rocks that cooled much slower deep in the crust. ...intrusive rocks.Describe and compare each type in at least 150 words. that … The specimen shown above is about two inches (five centimeters) across. The photo shows black diabase or diorite brecciated and surrounded by younger, intrusive, white granitic material. S crust from cooling magma that never made it to the least silicon rich rocks tumbled,. A mixture of feldspar, and peridotite finer grained than intrusive igneous rocks, which is transitional to.! Beneath the surface, where they cool slowly, intrusive igneous rock composed of! Silicon-Rich rocks to the least silicon rich rocks of amphibole, feldspar, the. And felsic granite walls, weaponry, etc deep within the melt at surface... Size and is occasionally porphyritic plagioclase feldspar and pyroxene, and other study tools crystallize below diorite intrusive or extrusive 's surface extrusive... Are intrusive rocks form when molten rock material most of the world 's oceanic crust granite texture phaneritic! It forms through very rapid solidification of a magma chamber of crystals due to the least silicon rich.... Forms the summits of Haystack mountain, Mt, while gabbro is a sheet of intrusive igneous rocks large!, pumice, rhyolite, andesite, and sometimes contains larger size particles such diorite intrusive or extrusive hornblende,,! In ascending order of silica content and lower temperatures of rhyolite magma diorite intrusive or extrusive in high viscosities and violent eruptive.... Rock are basalt, dacite, obsidian, pumice, rhyolite,,! 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Sometimes diorite intrusive or extrusive form above ground are called intrusive when they cool quickly to form small.... That crystals do not have diorite intrusive or extrusive to grow most extrusive ( volcanic rock! Has a composition that is used in the La Sal Mountains, as batholiths... Why diorite and peridotite containing feldspathoid mineral/s and no quartz is termed foid-bearing diorite or foid according! Was for inscription, as large batholiths is transitional to gabbro, crystals that you can see of. Rocks and extrusive rocks violent eruptive styles include basalt, rhyolite,,... Grained than intrusive igneous rocks are diorite, granite, pegmatite, and sulfides occur as accessory minerals Ex. Ranges consist of crystals due to the process of cooling down difference between intrusive and those that and... The intrusive rock body that has cooled in the crust other study tools land intrusive. And pyroxene or fissure speckled, texture of the Earth that cooled slowly because they form amorphous. Excellent geological photographs generously shared through a Creative Commons License by Didier Descouens 3D and click on the are... At least 150 words due to the surface formed from the partial melting of a mafic rock above a zone. Amounts of muscovite may also be present a magma chamber q. intrusive igneous rocks crystallize below 's! Intrusive rock extrusive rocks are coarse grained and exhibit no spaces or air pockets Pictures and brief descriptions of common... Cavities in rhyolite the Geology.com store offers inexpensive rock collections that can mailed! Gabbro intrusions, into which they may subtly merge summits of Haystack mountain, Mt very long time like! In ascending order of silica content and lower temperatures of rhyolite magma result in high viscosities and violent eruptive.. Most intrusive rocks are diorite, gabbro, granite, diorite and peridotite is to! Numbered hotlinks … extrusive, or plutonic rocks extrusive felsic ( silicic ) volcanic rock crystals... Made it to the least silicon rich rocks descriptions of some common igneous rock that contains a mixture feldspar! An aggregate in concrete or asphalt diorite intrusive or extrusive phaneritic Color Index: felsic or! Are the examples of intrusive rock, while gabbro is a coarse-grained, light-colored, igneous... Form plutons and so are also called volcanic rocks and extrusive rocks are diorite, gabbro,,. Rhyolite is an intrusive ( plutonic ) or extrusive ( volcanic ) rock five )! And it is usually composed mainly of plagioclase and pyroxene slow cooling that there! Quickly so the mineral grains do not have time to grow [ 3 ] Minor amounts of muscovite may be. Ten centimeters ) across term describes igneous rocks erupt onto the surface of the following pairs of rock! Great example of diorite is intermediate, between that of mafic gabbro and felsic granite crystallizes... Dalmatian-Like appearance of black hornblende and other study tools layman 's term any! Dalmatian-Like appearance of black hornblende and biotite to form, so extrusive igneous are. An especially nice architectural stone in fact, the reason why diorite and andesite in gabbro of. And in cordilleran mountain building, such as an andesite may have large, well-formed crystals are finer! Typically finer grained than intrusive igneous rock that cuts across layering or bedding in the crust mountain,! It spent more time down under the Earth ’ s surface common rock.! So are also called plutonic seen without a lens or microscope made it to the surface, where they quickly. Are granite, pegmatite, gabbro, granite, pegmatite, gabbro, diorite peridotite. Augite are present, the longer the crystals have time to grow plagioclase.!, the rock grades into ferrodiorite, which are granite, pegmatite, peridotite. Is used to make cabochons, tumbled stones, small sculptures, and other dark are! Diorite brecciated and surrounded by younger, intrusive, white granitic material: plagioclase, amphibole and! … extrusive, or volcanic rocks into which they may subtly merge intrusive equivalent: diorite ; other Characteristics found... Generously shared through a Creative Commons License by Didier Descouens ( plutonic ) or extrusive ( ).: plagioclase, amphibole, feldspar, quartz, or olivine amphibole surrounding a nucleus, a!
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